1	ABRIDGED HISTORY OF MALHEUR Geography Native American presence External influences Explorers Trappers Settlers Cattlemen Current management
2	Great Basin
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5	Native American Presence Fort Rock Valley First evidence of human existence in region Sage-bark sandals ~9,000 years old
6	Native American Territories
7	Northern Paiutes “Nomadic” presence in great basin Small family bands Referred to each other by food source “Ground hog eaters” “Pine nut eaters” “Wada eaters” – Wada’tika Dependent on sagebrush Clothing, mats, teas Cached extra tools at seasonal encampments
8	Influences on Northern Paiutes 1820’s - 1870’s Trappers, wagon trains, military Oregon Trail: 1836-1866
9	Influences on Northern Paiutes 1860’s Gold rush brought increased settlement American civil war reduced military presence Increased “encounters” with native Paiutes Increased military presence after civil war Fort Harney (Burns), Camp Alvord (E base of Steens Mtn.), Camp Wright (Wright’s Point) Natives confined to reservation (1.8 M acres)
10	Influences on Northern Paiutes 1878 Bannock uprising (Bannock War) Paiutes joined Bannock warpath Defeated after 2 yrs Marched to reservation with Yakima tribe in WA Original reservation reduced to 1 mi²
11	Northern Paiutes 1935 Establishment of 771 acre reservation Today - 341 current members www.burnspaiute-nsn.gov
12	Trappers 1825 – Peter Skeene Ogden Chief trader for Hudson Bay Co. Traveled down Snake R. from Fort Nez Perce (Walla Walla) looking for beaver Sent party to explore Malheur R. Antoine Syllvaille 1^st whites to reach Harney Basin Robbed by Paiutes Named “malheur” = unfortunate (Fr)
13	Settlers & the Oregon Trail
14	Oregon Trail 1845 – Stephen Meek Convinced 800 person wagon train to follow him through great basin Lost & without drinkable water Meek fled Returned later from The Dalles with rescue party 75 persons dead Nearly all livestock and belongings lost Legend of the Blue Bucket Mine
15	Cattlemen 1869 – John Devine 1^st “permanent” white resident Arrived from CA with 3,000+ head of cattle Developed Alvord & Whitehorse ranches
16	Cattlemen 1872 – Peter French Employee of Dr. Hugh Glenn Entered Catlow Valley with 12,000 head of cattle and 20+ horses Purchased “P” brand (Porter) Established P Ranch (near Frenchglenn) Expanded Structures: long barn, round barn Developments: Buena Vista, Krumbo Livestock & land: 45,000 head, 150,000+ acres Shot & killed 1897 (Ed Oliver)
17	Peter French’s Empire
18	P Ranch
19	Round Barn Today
20	Cattlemen 1899 – Henry Miller (Heinrich Alfred Kreiser) “world cattle king” 1 million head & 1 million acres over 5 states Could ride from Silvies Valley to Kern River and camp on his land every night Bought out John Devine & made manager
21	Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Established 1908 Lake Malheur Bird Reservation Originally 81,786 acres Expanded to 186,500 acres
22	Civilian Conservation Corps 1936 - 1942 Based at Refuge Headquarters & Buena Vista Buildings Roads (Center Patrol Road) & bridges Ponds & irrigation channels Dams (Paige springs) Lookout towers
23	Malheur Field Station